Frontiers in Science and Engineering is a monthly online, international, peer-reviewed journal, dedicated to publish empirical, academic, theoretical and review research articles that contribute to the practice in science, engineering, and related topics. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
A Review of Multi-objective Green Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Based on Intelligent Optimization Algorithms
The flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is a representative and complex optimization problem in production scheduling because it simultaneously involves operation sequencing and machine assignment. With the rapid development of green manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing, research on FJSP has gradually shifted from traditional efficiency-oriented objectives, such as makespan and machine utilization, toward multi-objective green optimization that considers energy consumption, carbon emissions, energy cost, processing cost, and resource balance. From the perspective of industrial engineering and management, this paper reviews recent studies on multi-objective green flexible job shop scheduling. First, it clarifies the basic characteristics and research evolution of FJSP. Second, it summarizes the main research progress from three aspects: green objective modeling, realistic constraint scenarios, and intelligent optimization algorithms. Third, it evaluates the applicability of genetic algorithms, NSGA-II, memetic algorithms, hybrid metaheuristics, and deep reinforcement learning. Finally, it identifies current limitations in green indicator systems, model realism, algorithm interpretability, and engineering implementation, and proposes future research directions. The review indicates that multi-objective green FJSP has moved beyond the stage of simply comparing algorithmic performance and is increasingly becoming a comprehensive optimization problem for complex manufacturing systems. Future research should strengthen systematic modeling of green objectives, dynamic scenario representation, and integration with real enterprise production systems.
Flexible job shop; Green scheduling; Multi-objective optimization; Intelligent optimization algorithm; Literature review.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frontiers in Science and Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Properties of White Sandstone Granite Composite Rock Mass with Prefabricated Cracks
The development and propagation of fractures within rocks have a significant impact on their mechanical behavior and engineering stability. This study focuses on composite rock masses composed of sandstone and granite and uses the PFC2D numerical simulation platform based on the discrete element method to systematically investigate the mechanical responses, damage evolution, and failure patterns of composite rock masses containing pre-existing fractures under uniaxial compression. By constructing models of pre-existing fractures with different inclinations 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and lengths 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, the influence of fracture geometric parameters on peak strength, peak strain, elastic modulus, and crack propagation paths of the rock masses was analyzed. The results indicate that when the fracture inclination is 30°, both the peak strength and peak strain of the rock mass are lowest, showing the most significant degradation effect; when the inclination is 75°, the mechanical performance of the rock mass is optimal. The influence of fracture length is regulated by the inclination: at 30°, the elastic modulus decreases with increasing fracture length, while at 60°, the effect is not significant. The crack initiation location and final failure mode exhibit regular evolution with changing inclination, with 45° being the optimal angle for shear-through failure.
Mixed rock mass; Prefabricated cracks; Mechanical properties; Damage evolution; destruction mode.
Current Development and Practical Thinking of NiFe-based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the kinetically-limiting half-reaction in alkaline water electrolysis, and is fundamental to the viability of industrial-scale green hydrogen production. NiFe based electrocatalysts represent the most studied class of non-precious metal OER catalysts considering their superior intrinsic activity, earth-abundance and structural variety. In this work, the current progress of NiFe-based electrocatalysts for alkaline OER is summarised from three aspects including mechanistic knowledge, material engineering strategies and stability concerns. The adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) are critically explored for NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH) and their in-situ regenerated NiFeOOH phases. Systematic reviews on engineering approaches such as heteroatom doping, defect engineering, heterostructure fabrication and substrate integration are offered. The primary obstacles for commercialisation are identified to be stability issues associated with iron segregation, structural degradation and catalyst delamination and potential new mitigation measures are proposed including oxyanion stabilisation and self-healing designs. The review concludes with practical ideas on bridging laboratory performance criteria and industry needs in electrolysis.
NiFe-based electrocatalysts; oxygen evolution reaction; alkaline water electrolysis; NiFe-LDH; surface reconstruction; stability; green hydrogen.
Study on the Differences in Mechanical Properties and Energy Evolution of Sandstone under Different Loading and Unloading Modes
To study the mechanical properties and energy evolution of sandstone under cyclic loading, experiments were conducted on intact prefabricated sandstone specimens using different loading and unloading methods, and the macroscopic failure characteristics of the rock samples were observed and analyzed. The mechanical properties and energy evolution of the rock samples were analyzed based on the stress-strain curves. The results indicate that the hysteresis loop areas differ under the two loading and unloading methods. The method with increasing upper limits mainly shows that the higher the stress peak, the stronger the material's energy dissipation capacity, and the more energy is consumed by plastic deformation and damage. In the method of increasing the upper limit and decreasing the lower limit, the hysteresis loop area gradually increases, indicating that an elevated stress level enhances the material's energy dissipation capacity, and damage induces internal friction or microcrack propagation. In both loading methods, energy evolution and damage failure characteristics are dominated by the stress application pattern: the stress concentration effect in the upper-limit-increasing method accelerates the compaction of the elastic framework and energy dissipation due to damage, resulting in a greater increase in total input energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy, and the energy conversion efficiency is also higher due to more favorable elastic energy storage. In the upper-limit-increasing and lower-limit-decreasing method, simultaneously adjusting the stress upper and lower limits weakens stress concentration, resulting in smoother energy growth and increased damage energy consumption due to stress fluctuations. The growth rate of dissipated energy density shows a 'burst-decline-leveling-off' trend, corresponding to three damage stages, revealing the non-uniform evolution of damage. The upper-limit-increasing method results in tensile failure dominated by a single vertical main crack, with damage occurring as a directional superposition effect, while the upper-limit-increasing and lower-limit-decreasing method results in dispersed failure driven by a multi-directional crack network, with damage extending at multiple scales.
Cycle loading and unloading; mechanical properties; energy evolution; failure characteristics.
Model Predictive Control for the Activated Sludge Process
To address the issues of large fluctuations in influent load, high aeration energy consumption caused by conservative traditional on-off control strategies, unstable dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and poor sensor reliability in the activated sludge wastewater treatment process, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) method integrating data quality monitoring and a feedforward disturbance mechanism is proposed. A multi-input multi-output prediction framework based on an incremental Auto-Regressive eXogenous (ARX) model is constructed. The influent disturbance observer (BOD) load is introduced into the model as a feedforward variable. An MPC method based on a feedforward disturbance mechanism is designed to solve the hysteresis problem of feedback control. For the discrete characteristics of the actuators, PWM modulation is used to realize continuous control. Long-term actual engineering verification was carried out in a wastewater treatment plant in Jiaozuo, Henan. The results show that compared with the traditional PLC on-off control, this system reduces the average aeration energy consumption by more than 25%. The treatment efficiency is increased by 25%. The energy consumption per unit BOD removal stably reaches 0.8 kWh/kg BOD, which is an excellent industry level. The annual CO₂ emission is reduced by about 260 tons. The effluent quality compliance rate is not affected. This system can effectively suppress the invalid overshoot of DO concentration. It solves the control problems caused by multi-variable strong coupling and sensor failures. On the premise of ensuring absolute safety of effluent quality, significant energy saving, economic and environmental benefits are realized.
Water Pollution; Wastewater Treatment; Model Predictive Control; Disturbance Observer.
Preparation and Properties of CdS/SnO2 Composite Photocatalyst
In this paper, CdS/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalysts with different CdS composite ratios were prepared via a hydrothermal method. Their phase structure, microstructure, specific surface area, surface chemical state, optical properties, and photocatalytic performance were systematically investigated. XRD results indicate that CdS and SnO2 coexist in the form of a physical heterointerface without lattice doping or distortion. TEM/HRTEM and EDS analyses show that SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the CdS plate-like structure, forming a closely contacted heterointerface that facilitates efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers. BET tests reveal that the composite possesses a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 23.82 m2/g. XPS analysis confirms the existence of a built-in electric field at the heterojunction interface, consistent with type II band alignment characteristics. UV-Vis absorption spectra demonstrate that the introduction of CdS extends the photoresponse range into the visible light region, with the 0.6-CdS/SnO2 (Cd:Sn = 3:5) sample exhibiting the strongest light absorption capability. PL and TRPL further demonstrate that this sample has the highest photogenerated carrier separation efficiency. Photocatalytic degradation experiments of Rhodamine B (RhB) show that 0.6-CdS/SnO2 achieves a degradation rate of 93.43% within 70 min, with a reaction rate constant of 3.75×10-2 min-1, approximately 4.88 times that of commercial P25 catalyst. Cyclic test results indicate that the composite material possesses good photocatalytic stability and reusability.
CdS, SnO2, composite photocatalyst, heterojunction.
Review of Granite-Related Gold Mineralization in the Altai Region: Deposit Classification and Exploration Prediction
The Altai region of Xinjiang represents one of the most significant gold metallogenic belts in China. In recent years, an increasing number of gold deposits have been identified as intimately associated with intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks, particularly granites. The Altai region extensively exposes multi-episodic, multi-source granitic plutons exhibiting distinct spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, which are closely related to gold mineralization. Based on a systematic review of previous research findings, combined with the orogeny, magmatism, and tectonism of the Altai orogenic belt, this paper classifies four representative gold deposits that exhibit close spatiotemporal relationships with granites in the Altai region. The primary characteristics of orogenic-type, low-temperature epithermal-type, and subvolcanic-structural alteration rock-type gold deposits are summarized, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for exploration prediction of granite-related gold mineralization in Xinjiang.
Altai orogenic belt, granite, gold mineralization.
ETAS Spatio-temporal Model and Seismic Activity Analysis
Conventional Coulomb transfer only considers the triggering effect of moderate and strong earthquakes, ignoring that every earthquake has the ability of self-triggering. Statistical model, epidemic aftershock sequence model (ETAS), represents the normal seismic activity in a region. The quietness and activity of seismic activity can be detected by the systematic deviation between seismic activity and prediction rate, which can be regarded as the trigger effect of previous events and has a strong correlation with the coseismic trigger of Coulomb fracture stress change caused by strong earthquake transfer. The simulation results of Wenchuan-Lushan-Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence show that the earthquake is not instantaneous, but triggered by the accumulation of seismic activity caused by the weak value of Coulomb change, which is consistent with the fracture theory of concave-convex body.
Empirical statistical model; Seismic activity simulation; Earthquake calm; Coseismic stress triggering.
A Review on the Research of Marine Electric Propulsion Systems
Marine electric propulsion system is a core technology at the intersection of shipping low-carbonization, ship intellectualization and comprehensive electrification. Compared with traditional mechanical propulsion, electric propulsion is not a simple replacement of diesel engines with electric motors. Instead, it takes generator sets, energy storage devices, fuel cells, shore power interfaces, ship power grids, power electronic converters, propulsion motors, propellers/podded thrusters and energy management systems as the core, forming a ship integrated energy system with multi-energy sources, multi-loads and multiple constraints. Its main advantages include flexible layout, improved efficiency under low load, enhanced redundancy and maneuverability, and easy access to new energy sources such as batteries and fuel cells. Meanwhile, it still faces challenges including low battery energy density, thermal runaway risks, poor reliability of power electronic devices, electromagnetic compatibility issues, insufficient port energy supply infrastructure and difficulties in full-life-cycle carbon emission accounting. This paper reviews the research background, significance, system architecture, key equipment, energy management strategies, typical applications, safety specifications, technical bottlenecks and development trends of marine electric propulsion systems, and conducts comparative analysis on various circuit topologies and application scenarios based on published literature. The review indicates that in the coming period, pure electric and battery hybrid propulsion will be preferentially applied to coastal short-distance vessels, inland waterway ships, harbor tugs, ferries and engineering working ships. In contrast, ocean-going merchant ships will mostly adopt a progressive electrification route combining low/zero-carbon fuel main engines, shaft power generation, energy storage peak shaving, shore power connection and digital energy management.
Marine electric propulsion; Integrated power system; Hybrid power ship; Battery energy storage; Fuel cell; energy management; Low-carbon shipping.
Quantitative Assessment of Soybean Seedling Uniformity Based on Multi-Feature Fusion
Accurate assessment of soybean seedling uniformity is essential for evaluating sowing quality and guiding early-stage field management, yet conventional manual inspection remains subjective and inefficient. This study presents a quantitative uniformity assessment framework based on multi-feature fusion using high-resolution RGB images. Per-plant masks and spatial positions are obtained through instance segmentation of soybean seedling images. Five categories of plot-level uniformity features are then extracted—emergence rate, plant spacing, inter-row angle, canopy coverage, and evenness index—along with their means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation. An XGBoost classifier is trained to map these features to three uniformity grades, achieving an overall accuracy of 86.7% without cross-level misclassification. Feature importance analysis reveals that the standard deviation of plant spacing, emergence rate, and mean plant spacing emerge as the most influential predictors, providing explicit guidance for diagnosing the causes of poor uniformity. The proposed framework offers an interpretable and quantitative solution for automated seedling uniformity evaluation in soybean breeding programs.
Soybean seedling uniformity; multi-feature fusion; XGBoost; feature importance; RGB imagery; precision agriculture.
The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology in Study of Concrete Materials
As one of the most widely used structural materials in modern society, the optimization and improvement of concrete performance has always been a hot topic in material science research. As a non-destructive analysis method, nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) technology has shown unique advantages in the study of concrete materials because it can provide material microstructure and dynamic information. This paper reviews the application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology in the hydration process, pore structure analysis and durability evaluation of concrete materials, and discusses the application progress of nuclear magnetic resonance technology in the quantitative analysis of cement-based materials. By analyzing the advantages and limitations of different nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, it provides theoretical basis and technical support for further research and engineering application of concrete materials.
Concrete, nuclear magnetic resonance, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, pore structure.
A Review on Event-Triggered State Estimation for Time-Delay Neural Networks
In practical engineering applications, time delays are inherent in neural networks due to signal transmission lags, hardware response limits and network communication constraints, which may induce oscillation, chaos and even system instability. Meanwhile, limited measurable outputs and external noise make it impossible to obtain full neuron states directly, so state estimation has become an indispensable technique. However, traditional time-triggered transmission leads to massive redundant data and unnecessary communication consumption. Event-triggered mechanism (ETM) transmits data only when system states violate preset trigger conditions, which effectively reduces communication load while ensuring satisfactory estimation performance. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of event-triggered state estimation for time-delay neural networks. Firstly, basic concepts, system modeling and core problems are introduced. Then, key theoretical tools including Lyapunov-Krasovskii (L-K) functional, integral inequalities and stability analysis methods are summarized. Furthermore, typical event-triggered protocols, estimator design approaches and unified performance indices are elaborated. Finally, existing challenges and future research directions are discussed, aiming to provide a clear reference for researchers in related fields.
Time-delay neural networks; State estimation; Event-triggered mechanism; Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional; Linear matrix inequality; Dissipativity.
Research on Airborne Time and Frequency Synchronization Technologies for Aircraft
This paper systematically investigates airborne time and frequency synchronization technologies, overall system architectures and major technical challenges under complex and harsh aerospace environments. It analyzes feasible synchronization methods including satellite timing and two-way time comparison, presents two typical system architectures, elaborates on core critical technologies, discusses future development trends, and verifies the synchronization precision and operational reliability of relevant equipment, providing solid technical support for stable operation of avionic systems and efficient implementation of cooperative combat missions.
Airborne time and frequency synchronization, Avionic systems, High-precision time synchronization, Satellite-based time synchronization, IRIG-B code,Low phase-noise crystal oscillator, Rubidium atomic clock, Radar networking, Passive localization, Anti-vibration.
Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch of Power Grid with Electric Vehicles Considering Wind Power Accommodation
To mitigate the impact of uncoordinated charging of electric vehicle (EV) clusters on grid load and improve wind power accommodation, this paper proposes an ordered charging scheduling strategy for EVs considering wind power consumption. First, a charging load model for EVs is established, and the impact of uncoordinated charging of EV clusters of different scales on grid load is analyzed. Second, an ordered charging control model for EV clusters is developed, and a time-of-use (TOU) electricity price strategy based on grid-connected wind power output is proposed to effectively regulate the charging load of EVs and battery charging and swapping stations (BCSS), thereby enhancing wind power accommodation. Finally, considering carbon trading and wind curtailment penalty costs, a low-carbon economic dispatch model for the power grid is established, aiming to minimize both the load peak-valley difference and the comprehensive operating cost. The NSGA-II algorithm is employed to solve the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can increase wind power accommodation while achieving low-carbon and economic operation of the grid.
Wind power accommodation, electric vehicle, charging/swapping station, NSGA-II.
An Empirical Study on Travel Difficulties of People with Disabilities and the Construction of Barrier‑Free Environments in the Guangdong‑Hong Kong‑Macao Greater Bay Area
This study takes Shenzhen, a core city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as the research focus. Ten typical urban rail transit stations, including Shenzhen North Station and Buji Station, are selected. Using a combination of field surveys, questionnaire surveys, and in-depth interviews, the study systematically analyses the actual difficulties faced by people with disabilities and the elderly when using rail transit, and evaluates the effectiveness and shortcomings of barrier-free environment construction. The findings indicate that while some stations have made notable progress in hardware configuration and detailed design, several issues remain prominent during peak hours, including resource competition, blind path occupation, route discontinuities, insufficient wayfinding information, and psychological pressure. The paper proposes comprehensive recommendations covering the improvement of barrier-free facilities, optimisation of information guidance, strengthening of emergency support, and enhancement of social acceptance, providing empirical references for building an age-friendly and inclusive rail transit environment in the Greater Bay Area.
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area; rail transit; travel difficulties; barrier-free environment.
MSG-DETR: A Small Object Detection Algorithm for UAV Aerial Images
Due to the significant scale variations and dense distribution of small objects commonly present in imagery captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), traditional object detection algorithms often suffer from missed detections and false positives in such scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose a novel detection framework—MSG-DETR, specifically designed for small object detection in aerial images captured by UAV. First, we design a lightweight multi-scale feature fusion backbone, MSFFNet, which enhances the extraction of small object features while significantly reducing computational overhead. Second, we introduce the Small-object Feature Fusion (SF-Fusion), which incorporates rich P3-level features from MSFFNet into the neck architecture to deepen feature fusion and mitigate information loss. Finally, we integrate a Gated Convolutional Attention Mechanism (GCAM) to improve the model’s ability to perceive and localize tiny objects in cluttered backgrounds. Experimental results on the VisDrone2019 dataset demonstrate that MSG-DETR achieves performance gains of +3.8% in mAP@0.5 and +3.5% in mAP@0.5:0.95, while reducing the number of parameters by 28.1% compared to the baseline model.
UAV object detection; small object detection; feature fusion; attention mechanism.
Evaluation of Industrial Water Use Efficiency in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces of China Based on Single-Index Method
With the advancement of industrialization, industrial water use efficiency has become a core issue in global water resources management and sustainable development. Evaluation of industrial water use efficiency in China involves multiple dimensions, among which single-index method and multi-index system method are the most commonly used. This paper compared the industrial water use efficiency of Jiangsu and Shandong provinces, adopted the single-index method for calculation and analysis, and assessed the applicability of different single indices in reflecting regional industrial water use efficiency. The results show significant differences in industrial water use efficiency between the two provinces. Jiangsu achieves overall higher industrial water use efficiency with strong stability in both water consumption and water intake per 104 yuan of industrial added value. Shandong, dominated by heavy chemical industries and facing severe water resources constraints, has improved its water use efficiency in recent years through the application of water-saving technologies and industrial structure adjustment. Through comparative analysis and consistency tests, this paper proposed industrial water use efficiency evaluation methods suitable for different regions, providing a scientific basis for the formulation of regional water-saving policies.
Single-index method, Industrial water use efficiency, Water resources endowment, Industrial structure.
Research on the Mechanisms of Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement, Influencing Factors, and Engineering Prevention and Control Technologies
Frost heave and thaw settlement are core problems restricting the construction and safe operation of infrastructure in cold regions. This phenomenon widely exists in seasonal frozen soil and permafrost regions, which will lead to uneven deformation of engineering structures, cracks, and even safety accidents. Based on the systematic analysis of the physical process of frost heave and thaw settlement, this paper expounds the development of classical theories such as capillary theory and frozen fringe theory, and discusses the key influencing factors including soil properties, water content, temperature gradient and engineering load. On this basis, a comprehensive technical system for frost heave and thaw settlement prevention and control is constructed from three aspects: engineering measures, material improvement and intelligent monitoring. Combined with typical engineering cases in seasonal frozen soil areas and plateau permafrost areas, the application effect of various prevention and control technologies is verified. Finally, the future research directions in the fields of multi-field coupling mechanism, intelligent prevention and control equipment and full life cycle management are prospected.
Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement; Frozen Soil; Water Migration; Engineering Prevention and Control; Multi-field Coupling.
Design of Intelligent Combined Harvester Based on TRIZ Contradiction Matrix Theory
Focusing on the design contradictions in the design of unmanned intelligent harvesters, such as the integration of functions and the overall appearance, the perception of technological sense and reliability, this paper explores the application methods of TRIZ contradiction matrix theory in the field of agricultural machinery appearance design. Based on the TRIZ conflict matrix theory, the subjective judgments in the industrial design of unmanned harvesters are transformed into quantifiable contradiction parameters, and the contradiction parameters and resolution principles suitable for the appearance design of unmanned agricultural machinery are extracted to establish a design strategy framework. Three core strategies, namely "integrated appearance design", "intelligent visual communication design", and "brand consistency design", are proposed and verified through design cases. The TRIZ contradiction matrix theory can effectively guide the appearance innovation design of unmanned intelligent harvesters and provide a systematic methodological reference for the industrial design of intelligent agricultural equipment.
TRIZ theory; Contradiction Matrix; Unmanned Driving; Combine Harvester; Industrial Design; Appearance Modeling.
Study on Deformation and Failure Mechanism and Control of Surrounding Rock in Super Large Section Roadway
Aiming at the outstanding problems of difficult deformation control and poor stability of surrounding rock in super large section roadway of coal mine, the mechanical mechanism of deformation and failure of surrounding rock in super large section roadway is systematically analyzed, and the typical failure modes such as roof bending settlement, high side wall buckling instability and strong floor heave are expounded. According to its failure characteristics, a comprehensive control technology system with the core of ' step-by-step excavation pressure relief, active coupling support and overall reinforcement of surrounding rock ' was constructed, and a collaborative control method of ' advanced pre-support + step-by-step excavation + high pre-stressed anchor net cable spray primary support + reinforced concrete secondary lining ' was proposed. The industrial test was carried out in the return air roadway of 8000 working face in Wuyang Coal Mine. The results show that the method can significantly control the deformation of surrounding rock within the allowable range, ensure the long-term effectiveness of support structure and ensure the safety and stability of roadway.
Super large cross section ; size effect ; surrounding rock reinforcement.
A Study on Factors Affecting Baseball Pitch Trajectories
Baseball has always been a fascinating sport. Players not only need to possess excellent skills in batting, base running, pitching, and catching, but also must be able to make quick judgments based on the situation on the field. My research focuses on the factors that affect the flight trajectory of the baseball. By understanding these factors, players can predict the flight trajectory of the baseball and make appropriate decisions. I first collect some data from the official website of MLB (Major League Baseball) including ball speed, spin rate, and date. Then, I obtained the humidity and wind speed information for the corresponding date from the US Weather Information Bureau. By organize and compare these datas, I initially analyzed the impact of meteorological factors on the pitching effect. Subsequently, I designed and conducted an experiment with controlled variables. I adjusted the humidity conditions and recorded the changes in pitching speed to verify the effect of climate on the deceleration of the ball speed. The research results show that in the case of increased humidity, the air resistance coefficient significantly increases, the proportion of ball speed deceleration rises, and the pitching becomes slower. This finding provides data support for a deeper understanding of the impact of humidity on the movement of baseball.
Baseball, Humidity, Rotation, Magnus effect.
Clinical and Translational Evaluation of a SAMe-5-HTP-Hypericum Compound Nutritional Supplement for Emotional Support and Joint Care
We evaluated a disclosed SAMe-5-HTP-Hypericum compound nutritional supplement developed for dual-domain emotional support and joint care, and we aligned the disclosed formulation data with published human clinical evidence for the principal active ingredients. The formulation combines S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and St. John's wort extract with sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, vitamin B6, vitamin E, and phosphatidylserine. We selected the upper-limit formulation as the lead candidate because it showed the best disclosed performance across both emotional-support and joint-care models. In the forced-swimming model, the lead formulation reduced immobility time to 108.7 ± 11.2 s versus 142.8 ± 14.6 s for the comparator formulation without the joint-care synergists. In the rat osteoarthritis model, it increased cartilage matrix synthesis to 1089 ± 91 cpm/mg and synovial fluid viscosity to 11.2 ± 1.0 mPa·s, outperforming the comparator values of 721 ± 68 cpm/mg and 7.2 ± 0.7 mPa·s. Published human evidence showed that SAMe monotherapy was superior to placebo for depressive symptoms in a 2024 meta-analysis (23 trials, N = 2183; SMD = -0.58), St. John's wort was superior to placebo for mild-to-moderate depression and not significantly different from antidepressants in effectiveness while showing fewer adverse events, 5-HTP showed a pooled remission rate of 0.65 but with marked methodological weakness, and chondroitin provided a small-to-moderate short-term benefit in osteoarthritis. Taken together, these findings support a clinically plausible and mechanistically coherent dual-domain supplement architecture. Direct randomized clinical trials of the finished composition remain necessary before therapeutic superiority claims can be finalized.
SAMe; 5-HTP; St. John's wort; chondroitin sulfate; mood support; joint care; translational evaluation.
AIGC+ Determination of Labor Relations in the Context of the “Gig Economy”
The rise of generative artificial intelligence (AIGC) technology is injecting new momentum into the gig economy and reshaping the rights and obligations of platforms and workers, while also constantly challenging traditional standards for determining labor relations. This study takes food delivery riders as the research object, analyzes the dilemma of labor relations determination under AIGC, explores legal regulatory paths, and argues from the perspectives of "personal subordination" and "economic subordination" that AIGC deeply and implicitly controls the labor process through mechanisms such as dynamic path planning, blurring the boundaries of determination. A multi-level solution is proposed: in the judiciary, the substantive and modern interpretation of the subordination standard should be developed, examining the substantive control of algorithms; in legislation, the binary model should be broken through, creating a "quasi-employee" subject and implementing tiered protection; collaborative governance should strengthen the responsibility of platform algorithms and promote the construction of collective bargaining mechanisms, providing theoretical reference for building a new paradigm for determining labor relations and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers.
AIGC, gig economy, labor relations determination, food delivery riders, algorithm governance.
Clinical Evaluation of an AKG-PQQ-Agaricus bisporus Composition for Mitochondrial Function and Healthy Aging
Background: A formulation centered on alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (PQQ), and Agaricus bisporus extract is intended to support mitochondrial resilience through complementary energetic, redox, and cytoprotective mechanisms. Objective: We evaluated the translational and clinical relevance of this combination by integrating our formulation-level comparison data with published human clinical evidence for AKG-related interventions, PQQ, and ergothioneine-rich mushroom or ergothioneine supplementation. Methods: We retained the original composition framework and in vitro comparison of the study formulation and matched them with publicly available human intervention studies identified from primary biomedical literature. Results: In our formulation comparison, the index composition was associated with higher relative mitochondrial membrane potential and lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than the comparator that omitted Agaricus bisporus extract. Across human studies, PQQ showed the most mature evidence base, with randomized trials reporting improvements in inflammatory markers, selected cognitive domains, muscle strength, and some indices related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Ergothioneine-containing mushroom and purified ergothioneine trials demonstrated human bioavailability, safety, and signals in cognition, sleep-related outcomes, and skin hydration. Direct completed efficacy trials for AKG in healthy-aging settings remain limited, although active randomized trial programs indicate strong translational interest. Conclusions: The combined evidence supports a credible mitochondria-focused rationale for the AKG-PQQ-Agaricus bisporus composition, but a registered head-to-head randomized trial of the full formulation is still needed before superiority claims can be made.
AKG; PQQ; mitochondrial function; healthy aging; ergothioneine; Agaricus bisporus; clinical evidence.
Digital Twin Technology-driven Dynamic Monitoring and Early Warning System for Construction Progress
Construction schedule delay problems are one of the most serious issues affecting the construction industry. Conventional construction schedule monitoring methods are limited by low data collection rates, multi-source information, and delayed response to schedule problems. Real-time deviation identification and early warning are difficult. This paper presents a digital twin-based technology for dynamic construction schedule monitoring and early warning. The system uses a four-layer structure to integrate BIM, IoT, and schedule management data to support sub-hourly continuous updates to the virtual construction site. At the deviation identification layer, a weighted composite deviation index method is developed by combining geometric construction ratio, resource consumption ratio, and time-based schedule performance index. The method uses trend extrapolation to create a dual-path deviation identification system. At the early warning layer, a three-level early warning protocol system (Blue, Orange, Red) with clear escalation paths and feedback mechanisms is developed. The system was applied to an eight-month period during the structural frame construction phase of a 28-story residential building project in eastern China. The results show that the system achieves a detection accuracy of 91.9%, an average detection time that is 87% less than the traditional 4D BIM method, and a cumulative schedule slippage that is 52% less. This study proves the feasibility of digital twin-based real-time construction schedule management. The study provides a reference for the application of digital twin-based intelligent schedule management technology in the construction industry.
Digital Twin; Construction Progress Monitoring; Early Warning System; Building Information Modeling; Internet of Things; Composite Deviation Index.
Application of MRI‑ultrasound Image Fusion Targeted Puncture in Suspicious Breast Lesions
Based on the existing studies using MRI-ultrasound (MRI-US) image fusion for targeted biopsies of suspicious breast lesions, this paper summarises their progress and achievements. Combining high-resolution anatomy derived from MRI scans with excellent soft-tissue resolution in ultrasound images, thus achieving an accurate biopsy-targeting method by fusing both sets of information. Methodically search the databases and rigorously screen the contents of the clinical studies. MR-IU fusion has a high detection rate and low false-negative possibility than MR or US alone; also, the procedure is safer with MRI-US fusion. Technical restrictions of the following type: poor image alignment; variability among algorithm outcomes; accessibility issues remain present. Currently, the trend is to expand its usage. Future directions also include integrating artificial intelligence (AI), achieving automatic analysis, protocol standardisation, reduced costs, and increased global accessibility. Breast cancer is an aggressive tumor disease that has become a global accessibility in the last century; there are also many new drugs being developed today.
MRI‑ultrasound fusion; breast lesions; targeted biopsy; image registration; diagnostic accuracy.
Clinical Evidence and Formulation Value of an NVTIA Quercetin-Eucalyptus Oil Layered Respiratory Support System
Background: Respiratory-support compositions that aim to reduce cough, sputum burden, airway irritation, and post-inflammatory discomfort often fail in practice because volatile ingredients are lost during storage, enzyme components are inactivated in gastric acid, and multi-ingredient formulas disperse poorly in vivo. Methods: We examined a seven-ingredient NVTIA composition containing quercetin, eucalyptus oil, bromelain, dihydromyricetin, perillaldehyde, icariin, and ultra-low-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate. We summarized the formulation-level dataset associated with this composition and then searched public clinical literature through March 2026 for randomized or controlled human studies and systematic reviews relevant to quercetin, cineole/eucalyptus, bromelain, hyaluronan, and Perilla-derived respiratory or airway-related outcomes. Results: The formulation-level dataset showed bromelain activity retention of 98.1%-98.5% after 2 h in simulated gastric-acid conditions versus 6.8% in a simple comparator, and 6-month total active retention of 95.8%-96.3% at 25 °C versus 32.5% in comparator material. Among public human studies, cineole showed the strongest direct respiratory signal: symptom scores improved significantly in acute rhinosinusitis and acute bronchitis, and 6-month concomitant therapy reduced COPD exacerbation burden while improving asthma-related multi-criteria outcomes. Quercetin was safely tolerated up to 2000 mg/day in COPD, and a later pilot phase II study reported reductions in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, but broad symptom efficacy remains inconsistent across populations. Perilla-derived clinical evidence supported improvement in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, especially when paired with quercetin in pediatric preventive use. Bromelain evidence in sinus disease remained suggestive but methodologically uneven, and inhaled hyaluronan studies supported mucociliary and airway-support concepts without directly validating oral sodium hyaluronate. Conclusions: Taken together, we believe the layered delivery concept is formulation-rational and clinically plausible, but no completed human trial currently verifies the full seven-ingredient finished composition itself. A registered randomized controlled trial of the final product remains necessary.
Quercetin; eucalyptus oil; cineole; bromelain; hyaluronan; respiratory support; cough; rhinosinusitis; COPD; asthma.
Research on Attack Risk Analysis and Testing Verification Method for LiDAR in the Environmental Perception Layer of Autonomous Driving
Environmental perception is the core foundation for the operation of autonomous driving systems. With advantages such as high-precision 3D ranging and resistance to light interference, LiDAR has become a key sensor for environmental perception in high-level autonomous driving. As the level of autonomous driving continues to improve, the number and density of in-vehicle LiDAR deployments continue to increase, and its operational safety directly determines the driving safety of the entire vehicle. LiDAR realizes environmental modeling by transmitting and receiving laser beams, and has potential attack risks of being interfered, spoofed, and suppressed by the outside world at the physical layer, link layer, and protocol layer, which may lead to problems such as target missed detection, false alarms, trajectory distortion, and perception failure, and then trigger safety accidents such as vehicle sudden braking, abnormal detouring, and collisions. Current autonomous driving functional safety and information security standards have insufficient test coverage for active attack risks of LiDAR, lacking a systematic risk analysis framework and engineering testing verification process. This paper conducts systematic research on the attack risks of LiDAR in the environmental perception layer of autonomous driving, sorts out typical attack methods such as physical interference, protocol attacks, and point cloud data poisoning, analyzes the influence mechanism of various attacks on perception algorithms and driving safety, constructs a multi-scenario and multi-dimensional attack risk testing verification method, and forms a complete testing system including attack simulation, data collection, effect quantification, and security evaluation. Verified through joint testing of real vehicles and simulation platforms, this method can effectively reproduce the typical attack effects of LiDAR and quantify the perception performance attenuation indicators, providing theoretical basis and engineering practice reference for the safety design, risk evaluation, and protection hardening of autonomous driving LiDAR.
Autonomous Driving; Environmental Perception; LiDAR; Attack Risk; Testing Verification; Perception Security.
Clinical Evaluation of a BALIMONT Bifidobacterium–Lactobacillus plantarum Synbiotic Complex for Gut Microbiota and Bowel Function in Adults
Background: We positioned a BALIMONT synbiotic composition built around freeze-dried Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus plantarum, fructooligosaccharides, and stachyose for adult intestinal-health use. To place this formulation within a credible clinical framework, we integrated our retained formulation and preclinical observations with publicly available randomized trials and meta-analyses. Methods: We searched the adult PubMed literature through March 2026 for randomized controlled trials, synbiotic/probiotic studies, and meta-analyses related to constipation, bowel function, gut microbiota, irritable bowel syndrome, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum, and prebiotic oligosaccharides. Results: Public clinical evidence indicates that probiotics can shorten whole-gut transit time and improve stool frequency and stool consistency in functional constipation, with stronger pooled signals for multi-species formulations. A randomized trial containing Bifidobacterium longum showed earlier normalization of stool frequency and consistency, while synbiotic trials demonstrated gains in evacuation frequency and bowel regularity. In older adults with functional constipation, BL-99 plus fructooligosaccharides improved weekly spontaneous bowel movements and whole-gut transit time relative to placebo. For IBS-like symptoms, L. plantarum 299v and contemporary multistrain synbiotics demonstrated benefit in some adult populations, although the overall meta-analytic certainty remains low and strain heterogeneity is substantial. Conclusions: The present formulation is best supported as a synbiotic intervention for bowel regularity, microbiota modulation, and symptom support. The most persuasive translational bridge comes from adult constipation and mixed functional gastrointestinal evidence, combined with our formulation architecture and preclinical observations.
BALIMONT; Bifidobacterium longum; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Lactobacillus plantarum; synbiotic; bowel function; constipation; gut microbiota; irritable bowel syndrome.
Clinical and Translational Evaluation of a Ratio-Defined CoQ10-d-alpha-Tocopherol-BioPerine Ternary System for Oral Cardiac Support
Background: Oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation is often limited by formulation-dependent absorption and variable clinical response. A ratio-defined ternary system combining CoQ10, d-alpha-tocopherol, and BioPerine was developed to improve oral delivery and redox availability. Methods: This manuscript integrates the formulation-platform dataset and comparative rat-study results retained in the source material with published human studies directly relevant to CoQ10 exposure, antioxidant coupling, endothelial function, heart failure, and acute cardiac outcomes. Results: In the retained preclinical dataset, myocardial reduced CoQ10 increased 1.79-2.13-fold relative to a comparator lacking vitamin E, whereas plasma total CoQ10 increased 1.19-1.38-fold. In healthy volunteers, piperine coadministration increased CoQ10 exposure by approximately 30% after 21 days. In cardiovascular studies, CoQ10 supplementation improved exercise capacity, endothelial function, and several heart-failure endpoints in multiple trials, although one HFpEF pilot study was neutral. The strongest long-term signal came from Q-SYMBIO, in which major adverse cardiovascular events were 15% with CoQ10 versus 26% with placebo over two years. Conclusions: The formulation logic of the ternary system is consistent with published human evidence on exposure enhancement and cardiovascular bioenergetics. However, the exact ternary composition still requires a dedicated confirmatory randomized trial.
CoQ10; coenzyme Q10; piperine; BioPerine; d-alpha-tocopherol; vitamin E; heart failure; endothelial function; oral bioavailability; randomized trial.