Frontiers in Science and Engineering is a monthly online, international, peer-reviewed journal, dedicated to publish empirical, academic, theoretical and review research articles that contribute to the practice in science, engineering, and related topics. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
A Study on Factors Affecting Baseball Pitch Trajectories
Baseball has always been a fascinating sport. Players not only need to possess excellent skills in batting, base running, pitching, and catching, but also must be able to make quick judgments based on the situation on the field. My research focuses on the factors that affect the flight trajectory of the baseball. By understanding these factors, players can predict the flight trajectory of the baseball and make appropriate decisions. I first collect some data from the official website of MLB (Major League Baseball) including ball speed, spin rate, and date. Then, I obtained the humidity and wind speed information for the corresponding date from the US Weather Information Bureau. By organize and compare these datas, I initially analyzed the impact of meteorological factors on the pitching effect. Subsequently, I designed and conducted an experiment with controlled variables. I adjusted the humidity conditions and recorded the changes in pitching speed to verify the effect of climate on the deceleration of the ball speed. The research results show that in the case of increased humidity, the air resistance coefficient significantly increases, the proportion of ball speed deceleration rises, and the pitching becomes slower. This finding provides data support for a deeper understanding of the impact of humidity on the movement of baseball.
Baseball, Humidity, Rotation, Magnus effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frontiers in Science and Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical and Translational Evaluation of a SAMe-5-HTP-Hypericum Compound Nutritional Supplement for Emotional Support and Joint Care
We evaluated a disclosed SAMe-5-HTP-Hypericum compound nutritional supplement developed for dual-domain emotional support and joint care, and we aligned the disclosed formulation data with published human clinical evidence for the principal active ingredients. The formulation combines S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and St. John's wort extract with sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, vitamin B6, vitamin E, and phosphatidylserine. We selected the upper-limit formulation as the lead candidate because it showed the best disclosed performance across both emotional-support and joint-care models. In the forced-swimming model, the lead formulation reduced immobility time to 108.7 ± 11.2 s versus 142.8 ± 14.6 s for the comparator formulation without the joint-care synergists. In the rat osteoarthritis model, it increased cartilage matrix synthesis to 1089 ± 91 cpm/mg and synovial fluid viscosity to 11.2 ± 1.0 mPa·s, outperforming the comparator values of 721 ± 68 cpm/mg and 7.2 ± 0.7 mPa·s. Published human evidence showed that SAMe monotherapy was superior to placebo for depressive symptoms in a 2024 meta-analysis (23 trials, N = 2183; SMD = -0.58), St. John's wort was superior to placebo for mild-to-moderate depression and not significantly different from antidepressants in effectiveness while showing fewer adverse events, 5-HTP showed a pooled remission rate of 0.65 but with marked methodological weakness, and chondroitin provided a small-to-moderate short-term benefit in osteoarthritis. Taken together, these findings support a clinically plausible and mechanistically coherent dual-domain supplement architecture. Direct randomized clinical trials of the finished composition remain necessary before therapeutic superiority claims can be finalized.
SAMe; 5-HTP; St. John's wort; chondroitin sulfate; mood support; joint care; translational evaluation.
AIGC+ Determination of Labor Relations in the Context of the “Gig Economy”
The rise of generative artificial intelligence (AIGC) technology is injecting new momentum into the gig economy and reshaping the rights and obligations of platforms and workers, while also constantly challenging traditional standards for determining labor relations. This study takes food delivery riders as the research object, analyzes the dilemma of labor relations determination under AIGC, explores legal regulatory paths, and argues from the perspectives of "personal subordination" and "economic subordination" that AIGC deeply and implicitly controls the labor process through mechanisms such as dynamic path planning, blurring the boundaries of determination. A multi-level solution is proposed: in the judiciary, the substantive and modern interpretation of the subordination standard should be developed, examining the substantive control of algorithms; in legislation, the binary model should be broken through, creating a "quasi-employee" subject and implementing tiered protection; collaborative governance should strengthen the responsibility of platform algorithms and promote the construction of collective bargaining mechanisms, providing theoretical reference for building a new paradigm for determining labor relations and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers.
AIGC, gig economy, labor relations determination, food delivery riders, algorithm governance.
Clinical Evaluation of an AKG-PQQ-Agaricus bisporus Composition for Mitochondrial Function and Healthy Aging
Background: A formulation centered on alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (PQQ), and Agaricus bisporus extract is intended to support mitochondrial resilience through complementary energetic, redox, and cytoprotective mechanisms. Objective: We evaluated the translational and clinical relevance of this combination by integrating our formulation-level comparison data with published human clinical evidence for AKG-related interventions, PQQ, and ergothioneine-rich mushroom or ergothioneine supplementation. Methods: We retained the original composition framework and in vitro comparison of the study formulation and matched them with publicly available human intervention studies identified from primary biomedical literature. Results: In our formulation comparison, the index composition was associated with higher relative mitochondrial membrane potential and lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than the comparator that omitted Agaricus bisporus extract. Across human studies, PQQ showed the most mature evidence base, with randomized trials reporting improvements in inflammatory markers, selected cognitive domains, muscle strength, and some indices related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Ergothioneine-containing mushroom and purified ergothioneine trials demonstrated human bioavailability, safety, and signals in cognition, sleep-related outcomes, and skin hydration. Direct completed efficacy trials for AKG in healthy-aging settings remain limited, although active randomized trial programs indicate strong translational interest. Conclusions: The combined evidence supports a credible mitochondria-focused rationale for the AKG-PQQ-Agaricus bisporus composition, but a registered head-to-head randomized trial of the full formulation is still needed before superiority claims can be made.
AKG; PQQ; mitochondrial function; healthy aging; ergothioneine; Agaricus bisporus; clinical evidence.
Digital Twin Technology-driven Dynamic Monitoring and Early Warning System for Construction Progress
Construction schedule delay problems are one of the most serious issues affecting the construction industry. Conventional construction schedule monitoring methods are limited by low data collection rates, multi-source information, and delayed response to schedule problems. Real-time deviation identification and early warning are difficult. This paper presents a digital twin-based technology for dynamic construction schedule monitoring and early warning. The system uses a four-layer structure to integrate BIM, IoT, and schedule management data to support sub-hourly continuous updates to the virtual construction site. At the deviation identification layer, a weighted composite deviation index method is developed by combining geometric construction ratio, resource consumption ratio, and time-based schedule performance index. The method uses trend extrapolation to create a dual-path deviation identification system. At the early warning layer, a three-level early warning protocol system (Blue, Orange, Red) with clear escalation paths and feedback mechanisms is developed. The system was applied to an eight-month period during the structural frame construction phase of a 28-story residential building project in eastern China. The results show that the system achieves a detection accuracy of 91.9%, an average detection time that is 87% less than the traditional 4D BIM method, and a cumulative schedule slippage that is 52% less. This study proves the feasibility of digital twin-based real-time construction schedule management. The study provides a reference for the application of digital twin-based intelligent schedule management technology in the construction industry.
Digital Twin; Construction Progress Monitoring; Early Warning System; Building Information Modeling; Internet of Things; Composite Deviation Index.
Application of MRI‑ultrasound Image Fusion Targeted Puncture in Suspicious Breast Lesions
Based on the existing studies using MRI-ultrasound (MRI-US) image fusion for targeted biopsies of suspicious breast lesions, this paper summarises their progress and achievements. Combining high-resolution anatomy derived from MRI scans with excellent soft-tissue resolution in ultrasound images, thus achieving an accurate biopsy-targeting method by fusing both sets of information. Methodically search the databases and rigorously screen the contents of the clinical studies. MR-IU fusion has a high detection rate and low false-negative possibility than MR or US alone; also, the procedure is safer with MRI-US fusion. Technical restrictions of the following type: poor image alignment; variability among algorithm outcomes; accessibility issues remain present. Currently, the trend is to expand its usage. Future directions also include integrating artificial intelligence (AI), achieving automatic analysis, protocol standardisation, reduced costs, and increased global accessibility. Breast cancer is an aggressive tumor disease that has become a global accessibility in the last century; there are also many new drugs being developed today.
MRI‑ultrasound fusion; breast lesions; targeted biopsy; image registration; diagnostic accuracy.
Clinical Evidence and Formulation Value of an NVTIA Quercetin-Eucalyptus Oil Layered Respiratory Support System
Background: Respiratory-support compositions that aim to reduce cough, sputum burden, airway irritation, and post-inflammatory discomfort often fail in practice because volatile ingredients are lost during storage, enzyme components are inactivated in gastric acid, and multi-ingredient formulas disperse poorly in vivo. Methods: We examined a seven-ingredient NVTIA composition containing quercetin, eucalyptus oil, bromelain, dihydromyricetin, perillaldehyde, icariin, and ultra-low-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate. We summarized the formulation-level dataset associated with this composition and then searched public clinical literature through March 2026 for randomized or controlled human studies and systematic reviews relevant to quercetin, cineole/eucalyptus, bromelain, hyaluronan, and Perilla-derived respiratory or airway-related outcomes. Results: The formulation-level dataset showed bromelain activity retention of 98.1%-98.5% after 2 h in simulated gastric-acid conditions versus 6.8% in a simple comparator, and 6-month total active retention of 95.8%-96.3% at 25 °C versus 32.5% in comparator material. Among public human studies, cineole showed the strongest direct respiratory signal: symptom scores improved significantly in acute rhinosinusitis and acute bronchitis, and 6-month concomitant therapy reduced COPD exacerbation burden while improving asthma-related multi-criteria outcomes. Quercetin was safely tolerated up to 2000 mg/day in COPD, and a later pilot phase II study reported reductions in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, but broad symptom efficacy remains inconsistent across populations. Perilla-derived clinical evidence supported improvement in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, especially when paired with quercetin in pediatric preventive use. Bromelain evidence in sinus disease remained suggestive but methodologically uneven, and inhaled hyaluronan studies supported mucociliary and airway-support concepts without directly validating oral sodium hyaluronate. Conclusions: Taken together, we believe the layered delivery concept is formulation-rational and clinically plausible, but no completed human trial currently verifies the full seven-ingredient finished composition itself. A registered randomized controlled trial of the final product remains necessary.
Quercetin; eucalyptus oil; cineole; bromelain; hyaluronan; respiratory support; cough; rhinosinusitis; COPD; asthma.
Research on Attack Risk Analysis and Testing Verification Method for LiDAR in the Environmental Perception Layer of Autonomous Driving
Environmental perception is the core foundation for the operation of autonomous driving systems. With advantages such as high-precision 3D ranging and resistance to light interference, LiDAR has become a key sensor for environmental perception in high-level autonomous driving. As the level of autonomous driving continues to improve, the number and density of in-vehicle LiDAR deployments continue to increase, and its operational safety directly determines the driving safety of the entire vehicle. LiDAR realizes environmental modeling by transmitting and receiving laser beams, and has potential attack risks of being interfered, spoofed, and suppressed by the outside world at the physical layer, link layer, and protocol layer, which may lead to problems such as target missed detection, false alarms, trajectory distortion, and perception failure, and then trigger safety accidents such as vehicle sudden braking, abnormal detouring, and collisions. Current autonomous driving functional safety and information security standards have insufficient test coverage for active attack risks of LiDAR, lacking a systematic risk analysis framework and engineering testing verification process. This paper conducts systematic research on the attack risks of LiDAR in the environmental perception layer of autonomous driving, sorts out typical attack methods such as physical interference, protocol attacks, and point cloud data poisoning, analyzes the influence mechanism of various attacks on perception algorithms and driving safety, constructs a multi-scenario and multi-dimensional attack risk testing verification method, and forms a complete testing system including attack simulation, data collection, effect quantification, and security evaluation. Verified through joint testing of real vehicles and simulation platforms, this method can effectively reproduce the typical attack effects of LiDAR and quantify the perception performance attenuation indicators, providing theoretical basis and engineering practice reference for the safety design, risk evaluation, and protection hardening of autonomous driving LiDAR.
Autonomous Driving; Environmental Perception; LiDAR; Attack Risk; Testing Verification; Perception Security.
Clinical Evaluation of a BALIMONT Bifidobacterium–Lactobacillus plantarum Synbiotic Complex for Gut Microbiota and Bowel Function in Adults
Background: We positioned a BALIMONT synbiotic composition built around freeze-dried Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus plantarum, fructooligosaccharides, and stachyose for adult intestinal-health use. To place this formulation within a credible clinical framework, we integrated our retained formulation and preclinical observations with publicly available randomized trials and meta-analyses. Methods: We searched the adult PubMed literature through March 2026 for randomized controlled trials, synbiotic/probiotic studies, and meta-analyses related to constipation, bowel function, gut microbiota, irritable bowel syndrome, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum, and prebiotic oligosaccharides. Results: Public clinical evidence indicates that probiotics can shorten whole-gut transit time and improve stool frequency and stool consistency in functional constipation, with stronger pooled signals for multi-species formulations. A randomized trial containing Bifidobacterium longum showed earlier normalization of stool frequency and consistency, while synbiotic trials demonstrated gains in evacuation frequency and bowel regularity. In older adults with functional constipation, BL-99 plus fructooligosaccharides improved weekly spontaneous bowel movements and whole-gut transit time relative to placebo. For IBS-like symptoms, L. plantarum 299v and contemporary multistrain synbiotics demonstrated benefit in some adult populations, although the overall meta-analytic certainty remains low and strain heterogeneity is substantial. Conclusions: The present formulation is best supported as a synbiotic intervention for bowel regularity, microbiota modulation, and symptom support. The most persuasive translational bridge comes from adult constipation and mixed functional gastrointestinal evidence, combined with our formulation architecture and preclinical observations.
BALIMONT; Bifidobacterium longum; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Lactobacillus plantarum; synbiotic; bowel function; constipation; gut microbiota; irritable bowel syndrome.
Clinical and Translational Evaluation of a Ratio-Defined CoQ10-d-alpha-Tocopherol-BioPerine Ternary System for Oral Cardiac Support
Background: Oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation is often limited by formulation-dependent absorption and variable clinical response. A ratio-defined ternary system combining CoQ10, d-alpha-tocopherol, and BioPerine was developed to improve oral delivery and redox availability. Methods: This manuscript integrates the formulation-platform dataset and comparative rat-study results retained in the source material with published human studies directly relevant to CoQ10 exposure, antioxidant coupling, endothelial function, heart failure, and acute cardiac outcomes. Results: In the retained preclinical dataset, myocardial reduced CoQ10 increased 1.79-2.13-fold relative to a comparator lacking vitamin E, whereas plasma total CoQ10 increased 1.19-1.38-fold. In healthy volunteers, piperine coadministration increased CoQ10 exposure by approximately 30% after 21 days. In cardiovascular studies, CoQ10 supplementation improved exercise capacity, endothelial function, and several heart-failure endpoints in multiple trials, although one HFpEF pilot study was neutral. The strongest long-term signal came from Q-SYMBIO, in which major adverse cardiovascular events were 15% with CoQ10 versus 26% with placebo over two years. Conclusions: The formulation logic of the ternary system is consistent with published human evidence on exposure enhancement and cardiovascular bioenergetics. However, the exact ternary composition still requires a dedicated confirmatory randomized trial.
CoQ10; coenzyme Q10; piperine; BioPerine; d-alpha-tocopherol; vitamin E; heart failure; endothelial function; oral bioavailability; randomized trial.
Beyond Channel Expansion: Comparative Effects of E-commerce Participation on Production Standardization, Marketing Diversification, and Green Technology Adoption among Grape Growers
Using survey data from 386 grape growers in Yingkou City, this article examines whether e-commerce participation affects three distinct domains of growers’ behavioural upgrading: standardized production, diversified marketing, and green technology adoption. Unlike studies that treat behavioural change as a single aggregate outcome, this paper compares the relative sensitivity of each domain and discusses why different behavioural responses emerge under the same digital market condition. A regression framework based on the dissertation dataset shows that e-commerce participation exerts significant positive effects on all three outcomes, with the strongest direct effect observed for diversified marketing behaviour (0.465), followed by standardized production behaviour (0.428) and green technology adoption behaviour (0.412). Mechanism evidence indicates that information acquisition capability works as a positive transmission channel, while risk perception introduces a countervailing restraint effect. The comparison of moderator coefficients further suggests that marketing behaviour is the most elastic behavioural domain: it is more strongly weakened by household-head age and more strongly reinforced by planting scale and household human capital than the other two outcomes. These findings imply that the digital transformation of specialty agriculture should not be evaluated only by whether farmers sell online; rather, it should be assessed in terms of which business functions are upgraded first, which require stronger capability support, and which groups can convert e-commerce participation into stable behavioural change more effectively.
E-commerce participation; grape growers; production standardization; diversified marketing; green technology adoption.
Material Innovations and Storage Mechanisms for High-Performance Zinc-ion Hybrid Capacitors: A Review
With the increasing demand for high-performance energy storage, Zinc-ion Hybrid Capacitors (ZHSCs) have emerged as a promising solution, combining the high power density of supercapacitors with the high energy density of batteries. This review summarizes the recent progress in ZHSCs, focusing on cathode materials (carbon-based and MXenes), electrolyte optimization (aqueous and hydrogel), and anode protection strategies against dendrite growth. While significant achievements have been made, challenges such as low cathode capacity and poor anode stability remain. Future research should focus on interface engineering and advanced electrolyte design to further enhance the electrochemical performance of ZHSCs.
Zinc-ion hybrid capacitors, Zinc anode, Interface engineering, Electrolyte optimization, Dendrite inhibition.
Application and Optimization of Automation Technology in Typical Process Flows
Automated control technology can effectively address the problems of inefficient operation and extensive control of traditional production processes, and is an important support for industrial upgrading. This article selects three mainstream production processes: food processing, metallurgy, and water treatment, analyzes the application effect of automation technology in core production processes, and summarizes cross-industry optimization strategies. Practical data shows that automation transformation can achieve precise control and coordinated operation of the entire production process: the efficiency of intelligent sorting in food processing is 3–5 times higher than that of manual labor, and the efficiency of packaging is increased by 25–30%; The numerical control (NC) rate of key processes in the metallurgical industry has exceeded 75%, and intelligent control of blast furnaces can reduce the coke ratio by about 3%; The online monitoring efficiency of water treatment has been improved by more than 4 times compared to manual methods, and intelligent dosing can increase the utilization rate of chemicals by 20%. The measures proposed in this article, such as process standardization and precise energy consumption control, can provide reference for the automation transformation of the industry and promote the development of production towards high efficiency, low carbon, and stability.
Automation technology; Typical process flows; Process optimization; Intelligent control; Industrial digitalization.
Functional Transformation of Introductory Programming Courses for Non-Computer Majors: From C/C++ to Python
With the widespread application of Python in data processing and machine learning, an increasing number of non-computer majors are shifting their introductory programming courses from C/C++ to Python. This transition is not merely a change of programming language, but a systematic restructuring of course objectives, teaching content, and instructional approaches. Based on teaching practice and from the perspective of instructors, this study analyzes the transformation of course function from training in program construction to the cultivation of computational tool application ability. It further examines how the course mainline shifts from program implementation mechanisms to data-processing-oriented tasks and application contexts, and how this shift leads to the reorganization of teaching content and the formation of a task-driven instructional model. In addition, the new requirements for teachers' knowledge structure and teaching competence under this transformation are discussed. The results show that the introductory programming course for non-computer majors is evolving from a discipline-oriented foundational course into a computational literacy course aimed at developing general-purpose computing ability. Its core focus is moving from language implementation mechanisms to data processing processes. This instructional reconstruction provides an implementable curriculum form and pedagogical pathway for the reform of introductory programming courses for non-computer majors.
Introductory programming course; Python teaching; non-computer majors; reconstruction of teaching content; transformation of teaching methods.
Research Progress on Evolution of Coal-Water Contact Angles and Mechanisms of Wettability Regulation: From Theoretical Foundations to Field Applications
The gas present in coal seams can alter the coal-water interface properties through adsorption, yet a systematic understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains lacking. This review systematically examines the factors influencing coal wettability in gas-bearing atmospheres, with a focus on the regulatory effects of physicochemical properties of coal—such as coal rank, pore structure, mineral composition, and functional groups. It further elucidates the mechanisms by which strongly adsorbing gases like CH₄ and CO₂, as well as weakly adsorbing gases such as N₂ and He, affect the coal-water interface. The practical applications of related theories in field settings, such as optimizing coal seam water injection processes and improving dust suppression efficiency, are also summarized. This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the understanding of coal-water wetting mechanisms in gas-bearing environments and to support the optimization of related engineering practices, thereby contributing to safer and greener coal mining operations.
Gas-bearing atmosphere; Coal-water contact angle; Wettability; Gas adsorption; Coal dust control.
Lithium Battery Health State Estimation Based on PSO-GPR Algorithm
The State of Health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion batteries is a critical factor in battery management systems, directly influencing performance evaluation and lifespan prediction. Traditional SOH estimation methods suffer from limitations such as insufficient accuracy and poor robustness, making it difficult to meet the demands of complex operating conditions. This paper proposes a novel SOH estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). By analyzing the temperature variation curve during the constant-current charging process of lithium-ion batteries, three geometric features are extracted as health indicators. These features are combined with the peak information from the incremental capacity curve to construct a PSO-GPR model for SOH estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms traditional GPR and Backpropagation (BP) neural network methods in terms of prediction accuracy and robustness. The SOH estimation error for most batteries is within 2%, effectively improving the estimation accuracy of lithium-ion battery SOH.
Lithium-Ion Battery, State of Health, Temperature Variation Curve, Incremental Capacity Curve, Pso-Gpr Algorithm.
Research Progress on the Comprehensive Utilization of Edible Fungus Residue Resources
The rapid development of the edible fungus industry has generated substantial amounts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), and improper disposal of such residues has caused environmental pollution and resource wastage. This study systematically reviews resource utilization pathways for SMS in agricultural recycling, industrial energy conversion, and other fields. It analyzes the current challenges in the resource utilization of edible fungal residues and proposes recommendations for the future development of the sector, aiming to provide theoretical references for the sustainable and eco-friendly use of SMS.
Spent mushroom substrate; resource recovery utilization; circular agriculture; sustainable development.
Research on the Construction of Component Library and Visualization of Construction Process Based on the Investigation of Ancient Buildings in Hebei Province
As the former territory of the Yan and Zhao states, Hebei preserves ancient buildings with a time span of thousands of years. However, the public lacks an intuitive understanding of their modular design and construction logic. Based on the existing ancient buildings in Hebei, this study systematically sorted out typical architectural cases and established a basic information database through literature research and field investigation. By applying 3D scanning and reverse modeling technologies, the architectural entities were deconstructed into a standardized digital component library, and the parametric translation of the "Cai Fen System" [3]was completed. Finally, relying on architectural animation technology, the complete dynamic construction process was simulated, and the implicit wisdom such as "camber of columns" and "rising of eaves" was visually presented. This paper explores a readable heritage interpretation method for the public[4], enabling non-professionals to deeply understand the construction wisdom of ancient Chinese architecture that combines standardized production with flexibility.
Ancient buildings in Hebei; Field investigation; Component library; Virtual construction; Dynamic visualization.
Research Progress in Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Hydrogel Composites
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have broad application prospects in biomedical engineering, flexible electronics and other fields due to their excellent biocompatibility and chemical stability. However, traditional PVA hydrogels generally suffer from poor mechanical strength, low toughness and unsatisfactory fatigue resistance, which seriously restrict their practical applications. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in mechanical properties of PVA based hydrogel composites, focusing on the reinforcement mechanisms of strategies such as double network structure, nanoparticle composite, cross linking mode regulation, natural polymer composite and topological structure design. It summarizes the effects of cross linking density, polymer concentration and environmental factors on mechanical properties, deeply discusses the energy dissipation mechanisms and constitutive relationships, and prospects the future development directions in this field.Keywords.
Polyvinyl alcohol, hydrogel, composite, mechanical property, strengthening and toughening.
Study on the Mineralization Modification of Recycled Coarse Aggregate by Bacillus pasteurii and the Performance of Recycled Concrete
Recycled aggregate concrete is an important approach for realizing the resource utilization of construction waste and alleviating the shortage of natural aggregates [1,2,4]. However, the engineering application of recycled coarse aggregate is severely limited by adhered old mortar, high porosity, and high water absorption [3-6]. In this study, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) using Bacillus pasteurii was adopted to modify recycled coarse aggregate [7,13]. The optimal mineralization process was determined through single-factor tests, and the mechanical properties of modified recycled concrete with different replacement ratios were investigated at a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.45. In addition, the deformation and crack propagation behavior during the whole compression process was analyzed by digital image correlation (DIC). The results showed that the bacterial solution cultured for 24 h exhibited the best mineralization activity [9]. The optimum modification effect was achieved at a Ca2+ concentration of 0.50 mol/L, a urea concentration of 0.50 mol/L, and a mineralization duration of 7 d [16,19,20]. Under this condition, the water absorption of recycled coarse aggregate decreased by 46.72%, while the apparent density and bulk density increased significantly. Compared with unmodified recycled concrete, both the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the modified concrete were obviously improved at all replacement ratios [15,17-19]. The best comprehensive performance was obtained at a recycled aggregate replacement ratio of 50%, at which the 28 d compressive strength reached 37.62 MPa. The DIC results indicated that microbial mineralization modification effectively delayed local strain concentration, inhibited the early initiation and rapid propagation of interface cracks, and transformed the failure mode of concrete from brittle failure to quasi-ductile failure [10,12-15]. The results can provide theoretical support and technical reference for the green modification and engineering application of recycled concrete.
Recycled coarse aggregate, Bacillus pasteurii, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, mechanical properties, digital image correlation.
Sleep Monitoring Technology: Evolution, Current Landscape, and Future Horizons
Sleep is a fundamental pillar of human health, intricately linked to cognitive function, cardiovascular well-being, and overall quality of life. However, sleep disorders are increasingly prevalent, posing significant public health challenges. Effective management begins with accurate and accessible monitoring. This review comprehensively examines the technological evolution of sleep monitoring, from the clinical gold standard to emerging home-based and wearable solutions. We detail the principles, sensors, and parameters involved, contrasting polysomnography (PSG) with alternatives like actigraphy, ballistocardiography (BCG), and novel sensor-based systems. The discussion extends to multidimensional sleep parameter recognition techniques leveraging artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, we analyze the specific context and technological preferences for sleep monitoring in older adults. Finally, we explore future trajectories, including the integration of multi-sensor fusion, advanced materials like graphdiyne for ultra-sensitive sensing, AI-driven edge computing, and innovative intervention methods such as microneedle-based systems. This synthesis aims to provide a holistic view of the field, highlighting technological convergence as the key to personalized, precise, and preventive sleep healthcare.
Sleep Monitoring, Polysomnography, Wearable Sensors, Actigraphy, Ballistocardiography, Artificial Intelligence, Elderly Care, Sensor Fusion.
Application Prospect of Shear key Built in Steel Pipe Sleeve Grouting Connectors
The research team studied a steel pipe grouting connection method with favorable application scenarios and mechanical properties. By installing three types of shear key—annular, parallel spiral and cross spiral—inside the steel pipe sleeve grouting connector, the problem of limited application of traditional connection methods was solved. Based on experimental research, finite element simulation and theoretical analysis, this paper summarizes relevant research results at home and abroad, verifies the feasibility of this connection method, and analyzes its mechanical advantages. It is concluded that this connection method is suitable for the complex stress requirements in multiple fields, with convenient construction and controllable cost, boasting broad engineering application prospects and providing technical support for the high-quality development of steel structures.
Shear key, steel pipe, Composite stress, Connection joint.
Research on High- Temperature Damage of Basalt Fiber Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
To investigate the variation laws of the mechanical properties of basalt fiber lightweight aggregate concrete (BFLAC) under high-temperature exposure, C40 lightweight aggregate concrete specimens with varying basalt fiber (BF) contents (0–0.4%) were designed. These specimens were subjected to elevated temperatures of 20, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C, after which their residual compressive strength and residual splitting tensile strength were tested. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of all concrete groups deteriorated significantly with increasing temperature, with aggravated degradation observed above 400 °C. The incorporation of BF effectively enhanced both the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete, with a more pronounced improvement in tensile strength; the optimal BF content was found to be between 0.2% and 0.3%. However, when the temperature exceeded 600 °C, the internal structure of the material suffered severe damage, leading to a significant reduction in the fiber reinforcement effect.
Basalt fiber, High temperature, Residual compressive strength, Residual splitting tensile strength.
Research Status of RV Reducer as Key Component in Robotics
This paper systematically reviews the research status of RV reducers as key components in robotics, covering technical directions such as fault diagnosis, vibration analysis, and load-bearing performance optimization. A comprehensive technology matrix is constructed, and strategic development pathways for the industry are proposed. Benefiting from advantages including high precision, large torque capacity, and compact size, RV reducers are widely applied in fields such as robotics, CNC machine tools, and aerospace. The global market size grew from RMB 3.43 billion in 2018 to RMB 7.51 billion in 2023, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.97%. While domestic market share has exceeded 60%, the localization rate in high-end segments remains below 30%, constrained by bottlenecks such as reliance on imported critical processing equipment and incomplete design theory systems.
RV reducer; Fault detection; Bearing characteristics; Development status.
Design and Experimental Validation of an Automatic Inspection Robot Control System based on Multi-Sensor Fusion
To address the problems of high labor intensity, low efficiency, and safety risks in traditional manual inspection, as well as the insufficient environmental adaptability and limited path adjustment capability of existing inspection robots, an automatic inspection robot system based on multi-sensor fusion is designed. The system employs a Raspberry Pi 5 as the main control platform and integrates a Mecanum-wheel mobile mechanism, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, and a camera pan-tilt module to accomplish the overall structural design, hardware selection, drive system development, and fusion control program implementation. In terms of software control, ultrasonic obstacle avoidance, infrared line tracking, and multi-sensor fusion decision-making functions are realized, and two operating modes, namely manual remote control and automatic inspection, are established. System debugging and experimental results demonstrate that the robot is capable of stable locomotion, path tracking, obstacle detection, and obstacle avoidance, thereby achieving the expected design objectives. The proposed system features a simple structure, low cost, convenient operation, and relatively stable performance, and can provide a useful reference for the design and application of low-cost intelligent inspection robots.
Multi-Sensor Fusion, Inspection Robot, Ultrasonic Obstacle Avoidance, Infrared Line Tracking, Automatic Inspection.
Research on Strategies for Enhancing Roadside Green-Space Plant Landscapes: A Case Study of Urban Arterial Roads in Hangzhou
Plant landscapes play an indispensable role in shaping the character of roads. Additionally, the construction of road plant landscapes can mitigate the impacts of urban expansion. Therefore, exploring the plant landscapes of road green spaces is of great value. This study focuses on urban road greening construction, investigating the road greening in Hangzhou city. Through field surveys of the green spaces along the main roads in Hangzhou's urban area, and using plant community research methods, this study aims to understand the plant health, species composition, and population characteristics of the main road green spaces in Hangzhou city. Subsequently, it evaluates the landscape of Hangzhou's main road green spaces and conducts specific analyses on typical roads. This provides a reference for future urban road greening construction, creating reasonable growth spaces for road greening plants and fostering better ornamental effects.
Landscape Architecture, Urban Roads, Landscape Enhancement, Coping Strategies.
Research on Restraining Factors and Countermeasures of Old Residential Area Renovation Projects
In the context of urban renewal, the renovation of old residential communities has garnered significant attention from academia and policymakers as a crucial component of urban revitalization efforts. Facing multiple constraints during renovation processes, this study systematically identified 19 key limiting factors through literature analysis, case studies, and expert interviews to explore their underlying mechanisms. By applying the ISM model to construct hierarchical factor structures and employing the C-OWA operator for quantitative weight analysis, the research reveals five core constraints: policy standardization and regulatory completeness, rational renovation planning, resident satisfaction levels, government implementation intensity, and social capital participation. The study further delineates hierarchical transmission pathways among these critical factors. Based on these findings, a three-tiered policy framework is proposed, encompassing strengthened government coordination, improved policy standards, optimized design methodologies, enhanced resident satisfaction, and stimulated social capital engagement. This framework provides theoretical foundations and practical references for targeted interventions in old community renovation initiatives.
Renovation of Old Residential Areas, Restraining Factors, ISM Model, C-OWA Combination Number Operator Model.
Study on the Creep Model Considering Full-Process Damage in Rocks
Rock creep exhibits significant nonlinear characteristics, which become particularly pronounced during the accelerating creep stage under high shear stress, primarily due to the continuous accumulation of internal damage. The Nishihara model fails to adequately describe this phenomenon. To better characterize the full-stage creep process, this study introduces a damage variable into the component model based on damage mechanics theory and Lemaitre's strain equivalence principle, taking into account the full-process damage evolution. First, based on damage mechanics theory and the strain equivalence principle, a composite creep model consisting of a damaged generalized Kelvin model and a triggered nonlinear damage acceleration element is constructed. Finally, the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least squares method is applied to fit selected experimental data, verifying the rationality of the theoretical model. The results show that the proposed full-process damage creep model can effectively describe the entire rock creep process, with the correlation coefficient between the fitted curves and experimental data exceeding 0.95.
Shear Creep, Damage Creep, Nonlinearity, Damage Variable.
Detection and Analysis of Drug Residues in Surface and Groundwater based on Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technology
The large-scale development of pharmaceutical consumption and livestock breeding has made drug residues a typical trace emerging pollutant in water environments. The residual status of drugs in surface and groundwater, as core drinking water sources and ecological water, is directly related to ecological stability and human health. This study focuses on fluoroquinolones, sulfadiazine antibiotics, and antipyretic analgesics as target analytes, combined with the characteristics of aquatic matrix, optimizing solid-phase extraction pretreatment and LC-MS/MS detection parameters, establishing trace detection methods, and conducting regional water sample measurements. The entire experiment followed relevant national standards for water environment monitoring, and the data are authentic, reproducible, and free from any fabrication. The detection limit of this method is 0.002-0.010 μg/L, the quantification limit is 0.008-0.040 μg/L, the recovery rate is 68.2%-97.5%, the relative standard deviation is ≤ 5.5%, and the linear correlation coefficient is ≥ 0.996, which meets the requirements of trace detection technology. 19 types of drug residues were detected in surface water, with a total concentration of 15.62-81.34 ng/L, and fluoroquinolones were the dominant pollutants; 7-11 types of conventional groundwater were detected, with a total concentration of 14.85-48.62 ng/L. Groundwater pollution was significant in arid sandy soil areas, with a maximum total concentration of 265.37 ng/L. This method offers practical technical support and data reference for the normalized monitoring of drug residues in water environments and regional pollution prevention and control.
Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Surface Water, Groundwater, Drug Residues, Trace Detection, Solid-Phase Extraction.
China's social and economic development is constantly moving forward, the industrial level is further developing, and the demand for energy production is constantly increasing. With the increasing scale of coal mine engineering, higher requirements are put forward for mining technology. Intelligent coal mining can not only improve the level of production management, but also increase coal production. This paper introduces the necessity of applying intelligent mining technology, then discusses the convenience brought by intelligent mining technology, discusses the specific technology, researches and discusses the limitations and development prospects. Only by analyzing the application of intelligent coal mining can we ensure the safe and sustainable development of mining engineering, so as to promote the development of our country's economy and promote the all-round development of society. In recent years, with the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, people's living needs have been continuously improved. Coal mining resources have a great impact on social life, the development of mining engineering in our country continues to move forward, in the field of technology and development management principles have made great progress, intelligent mining technology application ability and level further improved. In the future, while solving the problem of resource limitation, the application of intelligent coal mine provides the prerequisite for the development of mining engineering, and also provides the possibility for its further development. Therefore, the intelligent mining of coal mines is gradually bringing us convenience, which not only increases the efficient mining of coal, but also guarantees the life safety of workers.
Intelligent Mining Technology, Automation, Big Data, 5G, Intelligent.